ADS

loading...
Showing posts with label Information. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Information. Show all posts

Saturday, February 16, 2019

MEKANISME KERACUNAN



Studi tentng hubungan antara struktur kimia dan biologi dari senyawa senyawa serta mekanismenya dalam tubuh telah dikembangkan untuk dapat meramalkan cara kerja racun dalam tubuh. Mekanisme keracunan terbagi dalam 2 fase  yaitu Fase kinetic dan Fase dinamik.
a.    Fase Kinetik
Fase kinetik meliputi proses-proses biologi biasa : penyerapan, penyebaran dalam tubuh, metabolisme, dan proses pembuangan atau eksresi Fase kinetik meliputi semua reaksi-reaksi biokimia yang terjadi dalam tubuh, betuba katabolisme dan anabolisme. Pada fase kinetik, baik toksikan (bahan beracun) dan atau protoksikan (bahan yg mempunyai  potensi untuk menjadi rcun) akan mengalami proses sinergetik atau sebaliknya proses antagonis.

METABOLISME TUBUH



Metabolisme merupakan suatu proses atau peristiwa kinerja yang terjadi dalam tubuh setiap organisme untuk dapat bertahan hidup dan berkembang biak. Dalam peristiwa ini, semua bahan yang masuk ke dalam tubuh akan diolah untuk dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tubuh. Metabolisme atau bio-transformasi dari bahan-bahan beracun merupakan faktor penentu utama terhadap daya racun dari zat terkait. Melalui proses biotransformasi ini, bahan-bahan beracun yang masuk ke dalam tubuh akan mengalami peningkatan daya racunnya atau malah akan mengalami penurunan dari daya racun yang dimilikinya. Hal tersebut terjadi karena dalam peristiwa ini, setiap zat atau material yang masuk dalam tubuh akan diolah dan diubah menjadi bentuk-bentuk yang lebih sederhana. Dalam proses perubahan bentuk yang merupakan rangkaian peristiwa kimiawi, suatu bahan  beracun dapat saja berikatan dengan bahan beracun lain yang akan meningkatkan daya racunnya yang sdah ada atau sebaliknya akan berikatan dengan bahan beracun lain yang sifatnya antagonis (bertentangan), sehingga menurunkan atau bahkan menetralkan daya racun yang semula ada.

Monday, November 26, 2018

TASTE—IT’S THE STRUCTURE THAT COUNTS



Why do certain substances taste sweet, sour, bitter, or salty? Of course, it has to do with the taste buds on our tongues. But how do these taste buds work? For example, why does sugar taste sweet to us? The answer to this question remains elusive, but it does seem clear that sweet taste depends on how certain molecules fit the “sweet receptors” in our taste buds.

Monday, November 19, 2018

PROTECTING THE OZONE


Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are ideal compounds for refrigerators and air conditioners because they are nontoxic and noncorrosive. However, the chemical inertness of these substances, once thought to be their major virtue, turns out to be their fatal flaw. When these compounds leak into the atmosphere, as they inevitably do, they are so unreactive they persist there for decades. Eventually these CFCs reach altitudes where ultraviolet light causes them to decompose, producing chlorine atoms that promote the destruction of the ozone in the stratosphere (see discussion above). Because of this problem, the world’s industrialized nations have signed an agreement (called the Montreal Protocol) that banned CFCs in 1996 (with a 10-year grace period for developing nations). So we must find substitutes for the CFCs—and fast.

Wednesday, November 14, 2018

SCHOOL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY SAFETY GUIDE


Recognition of laboratory safety and health problems has crystallized since the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. This Act requires that certain precautions be observed to protect the safety and health of employees on the job. The employee designation includes all teachers employed by private and public school systems in States that have occupational safety and health plans accepted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). OSHA rules and regulations are provided to protect the employees and the facilities.

Monday, November 12, 2018

GUM THAT FOAMS


Mad Dawg chewing gum is a practical joker’s dream come true. It is noticeably sour when someone first starts to chew it, but the big surprise comes about ten chews later when brightly colored foam oozes from the person’s mouth. Although the effect is dramatic, the cause is simple acid–base chemistry.
The foam consists of sugar and saliva churned into a bubbling mess by carbon dioxide released from the gum. The carbon dioxide is formed when sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) present in the gum is mixed with citric acid and malic acid (also present in the gum) in the moist environment of the mouth. As NaHCO3 dissolves in the water of the saliva, it separates into its ions: