PERANAN BAHAN ORGANIK TERHADAP KESUBURAN KIMIA TANAH

Pengaruh bahan organik terhadap kesuburan kimia tanah antara lain terhadap kapasitas pertukaran kation, kapasitas pertukaran anion, pH tanah, daya sangga tanah dan terhadap keharaan tanah. Penambahan bahan organik akan meningkatkan muatan negatif sehingga akan meningkatkan kapasitas tukar kation (KTK).

Bahan organik memberikan konstribusi yang nyata terhadap KTK tanah. Sekitar 20-70 % kapasitas tukar tanah pada umumnya bersumber pada koloid humus (contoh: Molisol), sehingga terdapat korelasi antara bahan organik dengan KTK tanah (Stevenson, 1982). Kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) menunjukkan kemampuan tanah untuk menahan kation-kation dan mempertukarkan kation-kation tersebut termasuk kation hara tanaman. Kapasitas tukar kation penting untuk kesuburan tanah.

POLLUTION AIR

The atmosphere is an important resource for the survival of all species on the planet, as a source of fresh air for breathing and as a protective layer against direct solar radiation. The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 78.084 percent nitrogen, 20.948 percent oxygen, 0.934 percent argon, 0.031 percent carbon dioxide, and 0.003 percent trace gases such as water vapor and air pollutants. The analysis of air bubbles trapped in ice cores provides evidence that the contents of so-called greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, sulfate, and carbonaceous aerosols, have significantly increased over the past 200 years. This historic change of the atmospheric composition is not fully understood, but it has roots in natural processes and human activity. As a result, both roles of the atmosphere are affected. First, the increase of greenhouse gases contributes to the increase in the amount of solar radiative energy trapped at the Earth’s boundaries, which directly affects the planetary climate. Second, the composition of atmospheric air, particularly the air pollutants, strongly affects the human and environmental health.

ECONOMICS IMPACT FROM CLIMATE CHANGE

The Economic Impacts of climate change are the net costs or benefts from such climatic change on the global economy relative to a prior world with constant climate. Economic impacts are usually measured relative to a pre-industrial average climate (1750–1850). Climate change will directly and indirectly affect people’s lives, the physical environment, as well as the economic growth of developing and developed countries. The economically most signifcant physical changes brought on by climate change are shifted temperature, rainfall, and radiation patterns, because these factors serve as inputs to production and affect human well-being directly or indirectly through socioeconomic and ecological systems. The largest effects are likely to occur through impacts on the global water balance, the food production system, human health, land, and ecosystems. In addition to gradual changes in the geographic distribution of temperature and rainfall, extreme and catastrophic events occurring with greater frequency are expected to cause much damage. Economic impacts of climate change are also predicted to differ greatly between developing and developed countries.

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PELUANG PRODUK PENGGANTI DAGING DAN SUSU

Sebuah perusahaan makanan setidaknya mempunyai tiga insentif untuk menanggapi risiko dan peluang pada industri makanan secara umum. Insentif pertama adalah perusahaan makanan telah rugi akibat bencana iklim, jadi kepentingan perusahaan itu sendiri bisa dilindungi dengan memperlambat perubahan iklim. Di daerah-daerah yang terlanda, bencana iklim bisa diperkirakan tidak hanya mengurangi pasar industri makanan, tetapi juga merusak prasarana dan kemampuannya untuk beroperasi. Sebagai contoh, semua resiko ini terjadi di wilayah New Orleans pada tahun 2005 karena badai Katrina, ketika perusahaan Whole Foods Market melaporkan kerugian sebesar US$16,5 juta pada tahun itu karena toko-tokonya rusak dan tutup di wilayah New Orleans, tidak ada penjualan, dan harus memperbaiki toko-toko yang rusak itu. Risiko seperti ini akan diperburuk oleh bencana iklim ekstrem di kemudian hari, yang kejadiannya dan kekuatannya diperkirakan akan meningkat di seluruh dunia.